Hamlet Behavioral Essay Essay

Shakespeare’s Hamlet for years has been the classic example of a man turned to madness because of his foul deeds and tortured soul, and yet despite this characterization he has also proven to be a character that the audience could relate to. He wasn’t loud or brash; indeed Hamlet was an educated man, a university scholar. As the play progresses the audience learns that he can and does love another person despite his quiet and reserved nature and when he does finally die in the closing sequences of the play, he does so in honor after killing the man who killed his father and who plotted to kill him. In Act III, Scene i of the play we meet Hamlet uttering those famous words â€Å"To be or not to be: that is the question† (III. i. 58). He is thinking about committing suicide because he is unable to deal with his own painful memories, especially those surrounding the death of his father. Later in this scene he rebukes Ophelia when she tries to return his gifts, categorically stating that he did not give her anything in love at all. He becomes angry with her and even demands that she move to a nunnery, as he was so upset at the concept of marriage. In this part of the play we see a man who is actually acting in kindness. He did not feel worthy of Ophelia’s love or affection and given that he was contemplating his own death he would be aware that Ophelia would be safe in a nunnery even if she wasn’t that happy. There is a suggestion from Shakespeare that Ophelia is aware of Hamlet’s motive behind his anger when she is described as mourning Hamlet’s mind, believing he had actually succumbed to insanity. In the second scene of Act III the audience is shown the plans Hamlet has for exposing the King through the enactment of a play that was meant to strongly resemble the actions that Hamlet presumed led to his father’s death. When the King does leave the room during the play Hamlet seeks assurances from his friends that the King’s behavior was suspect and therefore the King must be guilty. Hamlet decides to have a frank talk to his mother about the King before any action is taken. He is quoted as saying, â€Å"I will speak daggers to her, but use none† (III. ii. 366). This scene shows the paradox of Hamlet’s anguish over this father’s death. Although he believes the King his uncle is guilty, he also has the horrible duty of telling his mother about his suspicions and although he does exhibit signs of some mad behavior, he is still in control enough to understand the hurt his mother will go through after his revelation. This is evident in his further angry comments with Ophelia before he goes to speak to his mother. By the third scene Hamlet has worked himself up to a state where he could kill Claudius and avenge his father’s death, but when he goes to confront the man he sees that Claudius is on his knees praying. Now this scene is important because although Hamlet was angry enough to kill the King he wants to wait until the man has finished praying. A person that was totally out of control would not be considerate enough to wait until the victim had finished his prayers, but Hamlet did although his dialogue at the time suggests that Hamlet waited only because he did not want Claudius’s soul to go directly to heaven. The last scene of Act III is where Hamlet does confront his mother with his own suspicions and by accident kills Polonius. The scene contains graphic dialogue from Hamlet to his mother especially regarding her sexual relationship with his uncle, with his statements seemingly proving his lapse into insanity. The random killing of Polonius showed that even in anger Hamlet was not prepared to kill Claudius (the intended victim) face-to-face, which is why he did not pull back the curtain to ascertain the identity of the hidden man. Act III does contain some of the more graphic examples of Hamlet’s madness but on analysis it would seem his behavior could not be considered negative when taken in context. Hamlet was justifiably upset when he finds out Claudius has killed his father, and then married his mother straight afterwards. He wants what many young men of that era wanted, and that was to avenge his father’s death with honor, but it would seem that he just didn’t have the killer instinct in his behavior to actually carry out the act. Hamlet also shows foresight in arguing with Ophelia and in the way he verbally attacked his mother concentrating more on the sexual aspects of her life with Claudius rather than his personality. On analysis it would seem that Hamlet’s behavior in the third act would be as positive as it could be given the circumstances, and on reflection it is his lack of killing ability and his consideration for this mother and Ophelia that shows Hamlet’s behavior in a more positive light than can be assumed from a surface reading of the dialogue alone.

Aristotle and Weed Essay

What would Aristotle think about legalizing Marijuana? When attempting to speculate on how Aristotle would feel about this inquiry, I feel that only one thing must be addressed. What kind of person does marijuana make me, and does the legalization of marijuana increase or decrease a person’s ability to be happy and good? What Kind of Person According to Aristotle, the difference between animals and humans is our ability to rationalize and utilize reason. Man is at its most basic level rational animals. Non-rational beings only possess vegetative and appetitive aspects of their mind, whereas humans retain the most important, according to Aristotle, portion of the soul: the rational part. The reason that this is the most important is that it allows us to ascertain genuine happiness. Therefore, since animals and even children do not possess the rational facet of the soul, they cannot achieve true happiness. As humans, our advantage over non-rational beings is our ability to be happy, as defined by Aristotle. Happiness, he states, â€Å"is apparently something complete and self-sufficient, since it is the end of the things achievable in action. † (NE 1097b20). So for Aristotle to approve of the legalization of it, marijuana would have to be something that would advance the happiness of humans and promote reason on the part of the soul. So does marijuana foster sensible choices and assist humans in our quest for happiness? Well, when analyzed from a philosophical viewpoint, no. Using drugs diminishes our ability to utilize reason when faced with decisions. It modifies our mindset and transforms us from rational animals into just plain simple animals. Drugs can force one to talk with slurred speech, visibly alter their perceptions of what is going on around them, and even take their freedom of will. So the fact that marijuana decreases human ability to be rational, reasonable, and thus happy, I would have to say that Aristotle would disapprove for most cases. However, medicinal marijuana does promote happiness. If someone has a disease in which the use of marijuana could numb his or her pain, I think that Aristotle would say that this is ok and good because it is assisting him or her in his or her quest for happiness, even if temporary. So where would he draw the line between vice and virtue? I think that Aristotle would support the system that we have today. Excess would be allowing everyone to purchase marijuana. Lack would be banning it completely because it does have some benefits for the medical community. I think that the Mean would be allowing it to be used for medicinal purposes only and not for public access because repeated use does not promote rationalization and happiness. In conclusion, I think that Aristotle would not support the further legalization of marijuana for personal use. Aristotle would, however, not take action to ban it any further either. I think that he would be content with how the system is today. Marijuana does have some medicinal benefits to people with painful diseases in that it creates, although fleeting, happiness. For normal people, however, repeated use of marijuana results in a deteriorated capacity to make rational decisions. It weakens our soul and forces us to become irrational animals. This fact forces me to conclude that Aristotle would neither further nor reduce the current legal status of marijuana.

Essay on 20th Century English Literature - 647 Words

May 3, 2011 British Literature II Defining Literary Techniques of 20th Century English Literature During the 20th Century, much advancement and change occurred throughout English Literature. All of the works we studied from this period were heavily influenced by current events in the world. The writers all examined the world around them and tried to express it through their writings. The three things that weave a common thread throughout all 20th Century English Literature are global warfare, radical artistic experimentation, and the effects of colonial expansion. The first point of global warfare is an easily identifiable and widespread one. All of the poetry we examined was centered around warfare and the effects of it on†¦show more content†¦It also uses magical realism as another form of artistic experimentation. In â€Å"The Moment Before the Gun Went Off,† the author Nadine Gordimer caught some flak for experimenting in her literature by writing it about racism rather than focusing on the more feminist issues of the day, as were the norm. She also wrote this story from several viewpoints, wanting to enable the reader to understand the full scope of apartheid. One more literary experiment she incorporated was foreshadowing the twist ending subtly throughout the entire story. Radical literary experimentation was a big part of 20th Century English Literature. Lastly, the colonial expansion theme is perhaps the easiest and broadest similarity to pick up on. Each story we studied is set in and has the culture of a foreign land. Usually this land was one from England’s massive colonial empire, but not always. Take â€Å"The Day They Burned the Books† by Jean Rhys for example. This story being set in the Caribbean clearly shows a foreign setting. They way the natives rebel in the story also brings out the oppressive nature of colonialism and how they struggled against it. â€Å"Walker Brother’s Cowboy† by Alice Munro is set in depression era Canada and shows how the people struggled with the effects of colonialism even during the Great Depression. The third defining feature is possibly the greatest one of 20th Century English Literature. In conclusion, theShow MoreRelatedIntegumentary System Of Skin1308 Words   |  6 Pagesmethods of healing have varied. The written history of burn treatments began in 1500 BC and advancements in treatments have continued into the 21st century. Early burn treatment in 1500 BC involved using calf dung and black mud.5 There was a notable increase in literature on wound healing in the 20th century. 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Race, Race And Racism Essay - 1396 Words

Project Description: This project is comprised of rhetorical commentary overview, that is used to examine and develop a better understanding of the terms, race and racism in society (critical race theory) (Stefancic and Delgado 1995, 177). By using the critical race theory and examining incidents of police misconduct, this will determine whether or not race plays a crucial factor. Additionally, this project encompasses a vast knowledge of the criminal justice system and the police departments of the United States of America. Furthermore, one must keep in mind that â€Å"police work is dangerous, difficult, and unappreciated, but there is no excuse for the type of behavior recorded on videotape† (Brooks 1991). The main focus of this research is to review cases that have been reported in the media, in order to come to a comprehension of why there is a higher proportion of minorities being killed by police officers. By incorporating the critical race theory and qualitative data, there will be a contr ibution on how to solve these societal issues. This study aims to discover the reasons why police officers are using excessive force against minorities more often than they are against Caucasians. Moreover, this project challenges questions such as â€Å"whether police officers fear minorities and why?†, â€Å"does this affect the African American and Latino population?†, â€Å"what can be done to lower the rates of police brutality against minorities?†, and is â€Å"racism in the criminal justice systemShow MoreRelatedRace And Racism : The Purpose Of Race1168 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of race. Race and racism is always a sensitive subject to talk about in our modern-day society. It is something that is relatable to almost every single person in society. It affects some more than others. To understand the role that racism plays in our world we must first understand structural functionalism. 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Essay on Beowulf study guide - 1576 Words

1) Describe how we find King Hrothgar and his response to learning that Beowulf has come to his kingdom. A. The king is sad and depressed that his kingdom has fallen into such a state of disrepair. He is overjoyed to learn that Beowulf, whom he knows from stories and his father, Ecgtheow, has come to fight Grendel. Hrothgar promises Beowulf treasure if he can defeat the monster. 2) In the beginning of â€Å"Beowulf,† King Hrothgar’s hall has been deserted for twelve years. In a short essay, tell why the hall has been deserted. Be sure to include specific examples from the text. What happened to those who ventured into the hall during those 12 years? What was the cause of this? At what time of day did these events take place? Explain. A. A.†¦show more content†¦5) What is the outcome of Beowulfs battle with Grendel? A. Grendel gets away, but he is fatally wounded and goes to his den to die. 6) Describe the setting where Beowulf fights Grendels mother A. The den of Grendel and his mother is the bottom of a dark lake. It is covered with dark mists and trees whose roots travel down into the deep water. At night the lake burns like a torch. 7) Imagine that Grendel has escaped unharmed after fighting Beowulf at Herot. Based on what the poem has taught you about the monster, what do you think Grendel will do next in his war against Beowulf and the Danes? Use reasons and examples from Beowulf to further explain your opinion. A. Grendel will return to fight Beowulf again. They may note that Grendel is determined to battle humans and the forces of good. He is also a strong, proud, and brave monster used to winning his battles. 8) What follows Beowulf’s battle with Grendel that brings further sorrow to King Hrothgar? A. To avenge her sons death, Grendels mother comes to Herot and kills a warrior who happens to be Hrothgars closest friend. 9) List three reasons why Grendel from Beowulf might have led a painful life. A. Grendel is impatient with the music and celebration of Hrothgar’s men; his home is a hell on earth; he was born in slime; his parents are the children of Cain, who were exiled by God; he is family to â€Å"a thousand forms of evil,† who angrily fight against God. 10) Many critics and teachers believeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Good vs Evil in Beowulf1568 Words   |  7 PagesIn Beowulf, the clash between good and evil is the poems main and most significant focal point. Although the epic poem Beowulf utilizes many characteristics of Christian themes, the violence in the poem relates to paganism. By exploring the characteristics of â€Å"good vs. evil† such as Cain, Grendel and Beowulf, this paper will explore the elements of Beowulf in such a light. The Anglo-Saxon poem, Beowulf, was originally told orally then later was written down anonymously in the Old English languageRead MoreEssay on The Changing Concept of Hero988 Words   |  4 Pagesthe enemies that are being faced, and the values of each of them. Beowulf has no known author but it is thought to be written before the Anglo-Saxon exodus is completed but after the conquest began (p.30). Also going on during this time was the conversion of the Anglo-Saxon pagans to Christianity by Saint Augustine of Canterbury’s mission. This may account for the major focus on Christian themes throughout Beowulf, while Beowulf as a character is seen as a very pagan character (Lane). For instanceRead More Beowulf and The Intent of Christians to Convert Pagans Into Christianity 1069 Words   |  5 Pagesit to keep track of the history of their people. Beowulf is an epic poem that was past down by the Anglo Saxons from generation to generation. The poem is infused with multiple elements of their pagan religion. However, when they immigrated to England and began to tell the tale of Beowulf, the local inhabitants began to listen and put their twist on it. Douglas Wilson states: Through a heroic poem about pagans that never mentions Christ, Beowulf is the opposite of syncretistic compromise. It isRead MoreBeowulf And The Anglo Saxon Period1740 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf The original poem, Beowulf, goes back to the Anglo-Saxon period in c. 650 and c.1100. Authors translated Beowulf many times in the Anglo-Saxon period to present day. It displays how a hero should be in the real world. He helps the people in the village and slays monsters. Everyone in the village looks up to him as he acts as if he were a role model. Beowulf, the protagonist in the translated Beowulf by Seamus Heaney, is a hero of his village, stands for bravery, strong will, and noblenessRead MoreThe Heroes Of The Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1292 Words   |  6 PagesYet, In Beowulf, despite Beowulf’s heroism and his preoccupation with honor, he operates with free will and without the burden of a character flaw. Heroism is attached with its own qualities that make up the characteristics of Beowulf and Aeneas. Throughout Beowulf, his acts of heroism were highly praised. Many times, the king of the Danes praised Beowulf for his battle accomplishments and believed he would excel in defeating the monster that terrorized his castle. The king looks to Beowulf as ifRead MoreExplaining the Three Stages in The Heros Journey Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pagesthis concept, there are a few stories covered in this class that can be used. Beowulf is an epic poem telling the story of Beowulf, a legendary Geatish hero who later becomes king in the aforementioned epic poem. While the story in and of itself is quite interesting, for the purpose of this paper it is important to look at the character more so then his deeds, or rather why he did what he did. In the story, Beowulf travels to Heorot to help King Hrothgar with a problem involving a monster namedRead MoreEssay about John Miltons Paradise Lost as Christian Epic1147 Words   |  5 Pagessubject of his great work the fall of man, from Genesis, which was a very popular story to discuss and retell at the time. His whole life had led up to the completion of this greatest work; he put over twenty years of time and almost as many years of study and travel to build a timeless classic. The success of his poem lies in the fact that he skillfully combined classic epic tradition with strongly held Puritan Christian beliefs. In Paradise Lost, Milton uses many conventions of the classic epicRead MoreComparing Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pageswork. Beowulf and Sir Gawain both exhibit what the Anglo-Saxons and the Middle-English viewed as both proper and improper conduct. What the reader encounters through these two characters, however, involves a paradigm shift between the two cultures, with values, fate and pride leading to demise , reflected in Beowulf contrasting with those, the knight’s code of honor and chivalry, expressed in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. These dissimilar worldviews become apparent through an archetypal study ofRead MoreWhat Makes A Hero?1541 Words   |  7 Pagestook much more. It took honesty, wisdom, and in some cases, wealth and superhuman abilities. With time new stories and beliefs are uncovered. In ancient times there were heroes that we can study today through books. Some of the most well known heroes are: Achilles, Ody sseus, Aneius, Socrates, Gilgamesh, Beowulf, and King Arthur. Achilles was a well known Greek hero. He was a warrior that faught long and hard for his people. He was a superhuman, believed to be part god. His mother dipped him inRead MoreEssay Study Guide1115 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Study Guide for World Lit. Exam 2 1. What does Beowulf mean when he says that an undoomed man can escape death in battle if his courage is good? If you are undoomed you might be able to escape death if you fight well in battle. If you don’t fight well or bravely you still have a possibility of death. If you are doomed, no matter how you fight you’re going to die. 2. In what ways is the code by which Beowulf fights like the Greek heroic code and different? The Greek heroic code involves

Politcal Allegory Term Paper Of 1984

Politcal Allegory Term Paper Of 1984- By Orwell Essay The Political allegory of George Orwells1984In 1984, by George Orwell, the reader sees a primary theme of political allegory and satire. Orwell is presenting the world of 1984 as a satiric statement of what might come to pass, though of course its exact form could never be predicted, if the world did not become aware of the terrible problems facing it, not in 1984, but here and now. Orwell wrote the novel not as a prediction, but as a warning. He believed that in many ways society was regressing back in the direction of barbarism, and that in the fight against fascism and other totalitarian and terroristic systems of government, even Western liberal society was being corrupted and was adopting the techniques used by its enemies. Orwells purpose in writing was not only to record what was happening in the world and to project ahead in order to make men realize what was happening and likely to happen. It was as much or more his purpose to change the world(Ranald). George Orwell wrote an article on Arthur Koestler in 1944, which expresses the various aspects of his conflict about the question of social revolution. At one point he wrote, It is quite possible that mans major problems will never be solved. But it is also unthinkable! Who is there who dares to look at the world of today and say to himself, It will always be like this:.. Niyazov 2That is Orwells confession of his passionate inability to live without commitment to the idea of change. 1984 is the kind of book in which a writer finally explores the limits of his obsessions and the darkest aspects of themes he has been concerned with for years. Homage to Catalonia, Animal Farm, and 1984 are all concerned with political evil, the misuse of language, the destruction of history and the objective Koestler as the impossibility of combining power with righteousness. Homage to Catalonia is documentary and journalism. Animal Farm is a fable. Orwell rewrote it with human beings as the personae i n 1984. All three books express his unique assumption that evil is primarily political. The two best-known works of Orwell, the beast fable and the anti-Utopian fiction seem to have more universal satirical meanings. Both books deal with what Orwell called the central question-how to prevent power from being abused. Furthermore, both deal with the corruption of an originally revolutionary ideal into just another dictatorial regime. As if Orwell is saying, men will always allow themselves to be tricked and to behave, in the terms of Animal Farm, like Boxer and sheep. There are many similarities between the two works. In both, there is an originally idealistic Revolution which has become corrupt. There is an all-powerful Leader who has maintained power by force, trickery, and terrorism. In both, Orwell shows the perversion of a noble idea. Human equality into a sinister myth bearing no relation to the actual situation, and indulged by a propaganda agency (the Ministry of Truth in 1984 and Squealer in Animal Farm) which has in each case the task of deceiving the general population. Animal Farm is a satire that uses its characters to symbolize leaders of the Russian Revolution. The animals of Manor Farm, the setting of this novel, which symbolizes Russia, Niyazov 3overthrow their human master after years of mistreatment. Led by the pigs, the farm animals continue to do their work, only with more pride, knowing that they are working for themselves, as opposed to working for their human master.Slowly over time the pigs gain power and take advantage of the other animals. They gain so much power that they become just as power hungry and corrupt as their human master. The theme in the novel being that in every society there are leaders who will, if given the chance, likely abuse their position. Old Major is a prize white boar who helps point out to the animals that no animal in England is free. He continues to tell the animals that the their labor is stolen by man, who benefits alone. The animals in return get near nothing Old Major gave many speeches to the farm ani mals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the rebellion started even though he died before it actually began. Old Majors role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas would spark the communist revolution. Lenin became the leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their determination to struggle against capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class and the poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of people that received low wages for their work. Old major tells the animals that the source of the problem is man. They must overthrow man to abolish tyranny and hunger. Soon Old Major does die, but his words still echo in the hearts of all the animals. With the leadership of the pigs, the smartest animals, they rebel against the human and gain complete control of the farm. This would symbolize the Russian Revolution. Another parallel represe nted in the book is Farmer Jones. His character is similar to the politician Czar Nicholas who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The animal rebellion on the farm was started because Farmer Jones was a drunk whoNiyazov 4never took care of the animals. This made them very angry, fed by the words of Old Major the animals decided to rebel like the Russians. Czar Nicholas was a very weak man who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The Czar made his working class people very uneasy with the way he used his authority and preached all the time, and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. The animal Napoleon can be compared as a character representing Stalin in Russia. Both were very mean looking, didnt talk very much but always got what they wanted through force. In one part of the book Napoleon had the dogs charge Snowball, another animal, as soon as he thought that the pigs were becoming corrupt. Stali n became the Soviet Leader after the death of Lenin. He was underestimated by his opponents who always became his victims, and he had one of the most ruthless, regimes in history. In was not until many years later that the world found out about the many deaths that Stalin created in Russia during the Revolution.Another strong parallel is the character of Snowball with the Russian leader Trotsky. Snowball was very enthusiastic and was a leader who organized the defense of the farm. He gave speeches and instructions but was not very beneficial. All the other animals liked him, but he was outsmarted by Napoleon. Trotsky and Stalins relationship was very much like Snowballs and Napoleons. Trotsky organized the Red Army and gave speeches and everyone in Russia thought he would win power over Stalin. After Lenins death Trotsky lost all his power to Stalin and was expelled from the communist party. A Personal Experience with Fear EssayBibliographyOrwell, George. 1984. Signet Books: the New American Library of World Literature, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1950. Koestler, Arthur. Critical Essay. Secker and Warburg, London, 1946. Kaleckofsky, Roberta. George Orwell. Fredrick Ungar Publishing Co. New York, N.Y., 1973Ranald, Ralph. Monarch Notes. Simon ; Schuster division of Gulf ; Western Co. Simon ; Schuster Building. New York, N.Y., 1965Borman, Gilbert. Cliffs Notes. Cliffs Notes, Inc., U.S.A., 1998Ferrell, Keith. George Orwell The Political Pen. M. Evans and Company, Inc. New York, N.Y. 1985Rosenfeld, Isaac. An Age of Enormity. World Publishing Co., New York, 1962OutlineI.A primary theme of political allegory and satire in Orwells worksA. 1984 not as a prediction but as a warning B. His attempt to reveal how barbaric the government may come to be through his works IIEvil is primarily politicalA. Similarities in Orwells worksB. Corruption of an originally revolutionary ideal into another dictatorial regime III. Animal Farm as a satiric allegory of the Russian Revolution A. Leaders are most likely to abuse power given to themB. Comparison of characters in Animal farm to Russian leaders1. Old Major compared to Lenin and Marx2. Farmer Jones compared to Czar Nicholas3. The animal Napoleon compared to Stalin4. Snowball compared to TrotskyIV1984A. Laws social pressure could operate with more coercive force than outright legalprohibition B. Misuse of language1. Newspeak2. Reality is reverse of the language used to designate itV.1984 as a satire on the intellectual and a defense of intellectual freedomA. aggression of the government of Oceania directed toward people who have ideasVI.Conclusion

The Concept of Field Theory and Its Characteristics

Introduction Attempts to explain how individuals interact with the environment and how such interactions influence the process of decision-making have been made in psychology. In its summation, field theory holds that the coexisting factors in any surrounding play a critical role in controlling the manner in which people behave and eventually reason out (Embree, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Field Theory and Its Characteristics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to discuss the concept of field theory elaborately. The paper will review the numerous generic characteristics that apply in varying domains. The paper also evaluates the differences that exist between subjectivity and objectivity based on the theory’s constructs. The Generic Characteristics of Field Theory Field theory offers to give explanations about changes that occur in the states of given elements, such as a static field inducing movements in a particle that is charged (Kline, 1996). The theory, however, does not appeal to the changes that occur in the states of different elements. This characteristic is often likened to a vector, which may also be referred to in other quarters as a gradient or slope. The explanation falls outside the framework of sociology. For instance, it is difficult in attempting to persuade people how possible it is to describe occupational mobility. This has often been done through choosing an option, which ends up registering no changes. It is prudent to note that upward mobility also occurs in other varying forms, which are inherent in careers. The expectation among many people is that the upward mobility in particular careers will often affect people occupying given positions as long as ‘nothing happens.’ For change in state to occur, there has to be an interaction involving the field on the one hand, and the element’s existing state o n the other. For instance, a particle that is positively charged moves in a different direction compared to one that is negatively charged. This characteristic closely relates to the third one, which complements the whole point. The elements often have specific characteristics that eventually render them vulnerable to the effects of the field. In other words, different particles have different degrees, as well as directions of charge. From this characteristic, it can be argued that bodies without any mass are not by any means affected by a force within a gravitational field. In physics, there is no existent of a field that is known that has an effect on virtually all the particles. In this regard, therefore, the fact that there is a cluster of people unsusceptible to the effects of a social field does not succeed to disapprove claims concerning the field’s existence. It should not be a hard task trying to identify the right person to be subjected to the field. It acts in a si milar fashion to the magnetic field, which affects only some substances.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When there are no elements within the field, then there emerges a likelihood of the force being created. However, this happens without the existent of any force. With reference to the field, it should be noted that an internal energy often operates, which has the power to influence an element even where the two are not coming into contact. In addition, field theory mainly applies in cases where the substitute explanation entails action at a distance. This form of explanation, however, has had mixed reactions from different groups of people, with the western world mainly treating it with suspicious dislike as opposed to how the eastern world treats it (Delprato Smith, 2009). Although this distinction may seem hard to understand, a field takes up action, whereupon X affect s Y although the two never come into contact. What the field does to Y is direct inducement of potential energy. A continuous medium, such as a fluid, may be considered sufficient in aiding this, although its presence may not be of necessity for the local action. With X somehow having the potential to anchor the field, it is not, however, described that it actually affects Y. From the explanations on the fourth characteristic above, it can be concluded that it is not possible to directly measure the field itself. This, in addition to the discomfort that the West has over the idea of hard particles colliding with each other, is the main reason behind the idea of analysts only resorting to field theories after they have considered all the other options. A fifth characteristic of the field theory touches on it being organized and differential. According to Kline (1996), the field can be attributed to a vector whose force is possible, although the vectors do not resemble each other and their distribution is not random. The field, in this case, may be regarded in terms of topology owing to the fact that its deviations may include strength as well as direction of motion, which may be by mode of induction in a particle. This means that the field is made up of a slope upon which an object will definitely roll downwards. The field, therefore, is a representation of comprehensive regular occurrences within the social set up, which can be equated to the structures or systems of the organization. Field Theory Position: Differences between Subjective and Objective Approaches Field theory does not fully offer an explanation on the existing differences between subjective approach and objective approach. The modern day theories that include field theory only consider giving regular answers as opposed to elaborating on the links between constructivism and specific patterns.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Field Theory and Its Characteristi cs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This they do by only zeroing in on abstract patterns and their respective intersubjectivity. Alternatively, field theory also attempts to disregard the significance of intersubjectivity by pressing that constructivism and phenomena are actually one and should never be regarded as distinct. The main principle upon which field theory is founded actually fails to recognize the fact that phenomenology and objective description are two distinct concepts (Kahn, 2003). Field theorists strongly consider the world to be objective in the most absolute terms possible. The move by the theorists is informed more by their need to explain the ability of people to pilot the field. Such efforts only result in the admission that the field only contributes to the entire regularity as well as structure that is of desire, despite being a phenomenological construct worth being described as so. In other words, it can only be regarded as what is immediately encountered. The mapping of the field is not only arbitrary, but incomplete as well. What it turns out to be is reclamation of information that is needed for action, which is only organized based on the current position of an individual. What we retrieve from the environment directly is an urgent need for action. Because there lacks a need to arrange in category, the urge to change position is given priority, while the cognitive perception takes a lesser consideration. In this case, therefore, consciousness refers to the power to apprehend. However, the apprehension involves the concepts that make part of the world and its surrounding environment. The way we understand the social field can also be termed as direct, as well as couched within the socially built categories, which turn out to be relevant in as far as our conduct is concerned. There is the aspect of field theory drawing the implication that can be construed as knowledge of social perce ption, which flies in the dominant pseudo-Durkheimian orthodoxy face (Martin, 2003). Such an implication senses data coming in a form that is relatively disorganized and sorted on the basis of culture. What can be deduced from the above analysis is the fact that field theory implication offers a totally varying account. There is an obvious attempt to fundamentally organize percepts owing to the fact that they belong to an environment or world that contains unique principles of organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, all the perceiver does in this instance is to establish an ontological complicity to benefit from the pre-existing structural principles that make up the social order. This, in sociological circles, has been referred to as â€Å"causal texture of the environment†. Field theory fails to establish a cognitive map that is complete, which would allow one to consider any object that is unique and put it into other category set. Instead, a general assumption is held to the effect that everybody has the capacity to say what is expected of them at any given time. The general rule of this theory can be assumed to imply that things are what they are, or what they look like, and their looks instruct us on what to do with them. Looking at actors within an organization, the main force influencing their actions is not their own feelings but rather the environment within which they operate. In other words, they act in a cognitive manner that is devoid of cultural schemes, existing ind ependently from their psyches. As Khan (2003) argues in support of this idea, the actions can be considered to be only complimentary of what the environment offers. The other principal idea of field theory, which limits its effectiveness in explaining the difference between subjective and objective approaches, lies in its wedding of perception and apperception in a rich dualism that is theoretical. This is in itself interospecific visual information rather than exterospecific (Martin, 2003). In both cases, the person taking in information concerning the world remains relative to the person’s position in as far as the field is concerned. Conclusion Field theory forms a part of the numerous approaches that have been formulated to explain different phenomenon within the psychological world. The theory mainly expounds on the regularities within an individual action with regard to position. There are common characteristics about field theory, which include explaining the changes t hat take place in given elements when their state changes and the interaction between the existing states of elements, and the interaction they have with the field. Other characteristics include the elements having specific attributes that make them vulnerable to the field, as well as the field being differential and organized. However, field theory is inadequate in its explanation of the existing difference between subjective and objective approaches. References Delprato, D. J., Smith, N. W. (2009). Sketch of J. R. Kantor’s psychological interbehavioral field theory. The Psychological Record, 59(4), 671-678. Embree, L. (2003). Aron Gurwitsch’s theory of cultural-scientific phenomenological psychology. Husserl Studies, 19(1), 43-70. Kahn, P. H. Jr. (2003). Ape cognition and why it matters for the field of psychology. Human Development, 46(2-3), 161-168 Kline, T. J. (1996). Defining the field of industrial-organizational psychology. Canadian Psychology, 37(4), 205-209. Martin, J. L. (2003). What is Field Theory? American Journal of Sociology, 109(1), 1-49 This essay on The Concept of Field Theory and Its Characteristics was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.